8/15/2023 0 Comments Greater viscosity examples![]() ![]() At that time Venezuela began authorizing "joint ventures to upgrade the extra-heavy crude resources." Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A. Energy Information Administration (EIA) reported in 2001 that the largest reserves of heavy crude oil in the world were located north of the Orinoco river, 270-mile long by 40-mile wide Orinoco Belt, in eastern Venezuela. ![]() Īccording to World Resources Institute, concentrations of remarkable quantities of heavy oil and oil sands are found in Canada and Venezuela. Conventional heavy oil and bitumens differ in the degree by which they have been degraded from the original crude oil by bacteria and erosion.( Meyer & Atanasi 2003, p. 1) Often, bitumen is more viscous than cold molasses and does not flow at ambient conditions. Most heavy oil is found at the margins of geologic basins and is thought to be the residue of formerly light oil that has lost its light-molecular-weight components through degradation by bacteria, water-washing, and evaporation. They resemble the residuum from the refining of light oil. Natural bitumen is oil having a viscosity greater than 10,000 cP.” “Natural bitumen (often called tar sands or oil sands) and heavy oil differ from light oils by their high viscosity (resistance to flow) at reservoir temperatures, high density (low API gravity), and significant contents of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur compounds and heavy-metal contaminants. Geological Survey, bitumen is further distinguished as extra-heavy oil with a higher viscosity (i.e., resistance to flow): “Natural bitumen, also called tar sands or oil sands, shares the attributes of heavy oil but is yet more dense and viscous. Bitumen is the heaviest, thickest form of petroleum. Petroleum geologists categorize bitumen from oil sands as ‘extra-heavy oil’ due to its density of less than 10° API. Heavy crude oil is closely related to natural bitumen from oil sands. Large spills of DNAPL will quickly penetrate the full depth of the aquifer and accumulate at the bottom. They have a low solubility and a viscosity greater than, and density higher than, water. Heavy oils and asphalt are dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs). In other words, oil with a density greater than 1000 kg/m 3 (or a specific gravity greater than 1) and a reservoir viscosity of more than 10,000 centipoises. ![]() When reservoir viscosity measurements are not available, extra-heavy oil is considered by the WEC to have a lower limit of 4° API. In 2010, the World Energy Council defined extra heavy oil as crude oil having a gravity of less than 10° and a reservoir viscosity of more than 10,000 centipoises. Physical properties that differ between heavy crude oils and lighter grades include higher viscosity and specific gravity, as well as higher molecular weight hydrocarbon composition. Heavy crude oil has been defined as any liquid petroleum with an API gravity less than 20°. It is referred to as "heavy" because its density or specific gravity is higher than that of light crude oil. Heavy crude oil (or extra heavy crude oil) is highly viscous oil that cannot easily flow from production wells under normal reservoir conditions. Highly-viscous oil that cannot easily flow to production wells under normal reservoir conditions ![]()
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